This volume is the third in a series that had its origins almost a decade ago.

The individuals involved in initiating the series and producing the first two volumes have been acknowledged in those volumes [Volume I—Organizing for Space (1995); Volume II—External Relationships (1996)]; those acknowledgments will not be repeated here. An exception must be made for NASA Chief Historian Roger D. Launius, who has become not only a strong supporter of this series but also an essential collaborator in its implementation.

We owe thanks to the individuals and organizations that have searched their files for potentially useful materials, and for the staffs at various archives and collections who have helped us locate documents. Without question, first among them is Lee D. Saegesser of the History Office at NASA Headquarters, who has helped compile the NASA Historical Reference Collection that contains many of the documents selected for inclusion in this work. All those in the future who will write on the history of the U.S. space program will owe a debt of thanks to Lee; those who have already worked in this area realize his tireless contributions.

At the Space Policy Institute, research associate David H. Onkst made so many contributions to the organization of material for this volume that he deservedly has been listed as co-editor. Graduate students Erin Hatch, Becky Dodder, Garth Henning, and David Vaughn also helped in the preparation of the volume, and research Dwayne A. Day has continued his involvement with the series while concentrating on his own research. The overview essays for the satellite communications and remote-sensing sections were written several years ago, before the decision to expand the series beyond the originally planned two volumes. (The total is now up to six.)

Ray A. Williamson helped update and expand Pamela E. Mack’s discussion of remote sensing, and he has been added as the second author of the essay. I made far fewer modifications to Joseph N. Pelton’s original essay on satellite communications. When it became clear that a focus on economic issues would be valuable, Henry Hertzfeld graciously agreed to oversee the collection of documents for that section and to write the overview essay. Trish Mastrobuono and Julie Hudson of the Institute staff have supported the effort throughout and, with graduate student Irena Slage, helped create the document-scanning capability used in the final stages of the project.

My thanks go to all those mentioned above, and again to those who helped get this effort started almost a decade ago.

John M. Logsdon, George Washington University

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Selected Documents in the History of the U.S. Civil Space Program
Volume III: Using Space

Edited by John M. Logsdon
with Roger D. Launius, David H. Onkst,
and Stephen J. Garber

Biographies of Volume III Essay Authors and Editors:

Stephen J. Garber is a policy analyst in the NASA History Office, Washington, D.C. He is the author of numerous articles on aerospace history and space policy.

Henry R. Hertzfeld, Senior Research Scientist at the Space Policy Institute, George Washington University, is an expert in the economic, legal, and policy issues of space and advanced technological development. He has served as a Senior Economist and Policy Analyst at both NASA and the National Science Foundation, and he has been a consultant to many agencies and organizations. He is the co-editor of Space Economics (AIAA, 1992), as well as many articles on space economic issues. Dr. Hertzfeld holds a Ph.D. in economics from Temple University and a J.D. from George Washington University.

Roger D. Launius is Chief Historian of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C. He has produced several books and articles on aerospace history, including Frontiers of Space Exploration (Greenwood Press, 1998); Organizing for the Use of Space: Historical Perspectives on a Persistent Issue (Univelt, Inc., AAS History Series, Volume 18, 1995), editor; NASA: A History of the U.S. Civil Space Program (Krieger Publishing Co., 1994); History of Rocketry and Astronautics: Proceedings of the Fifteenth and Sixteenth History Symposia of the International Academy of Astronautics (Univelt, Inc., AAS History Series, Volume 11, 1994), editor; Apollo: A Retrospective Analysis (Monographs in Aerospace History, Volume 3, 1994); and Apollo 11 at Twenty-Five, an electronic picture book issued on computer disk (Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, 1994).

John M. Logsdon is Director of the Space Policy Institute of George Washington University’s Elliott School of International Affairs, where he is also a professor of political science and international affairs and Director of the Center for International Science and Technology Policy. He holds a B.S. in physics from Xavier University and a Ph.D. in political science from New York University. He has been at George Washington University since 1970, and he previously taught at The Catholic University of America. He is also a faculty member of the International Space University and Director of the District of Columbia Space Grant Consortium. Dr. Logsdon is an elected member of the International Academy of Astronautics and the Board of Trustees of the International Space University and Chair of the Advisory Council of the Planetary Society. He has lectured and spoken to a wide variety of audiences at professional meetings, colleges and universities, international conferences, and other settings, and he has testified before Congress on numerous occasions. He is frequently consulted by the electronic and print media for his views on various space issues. Dr. Logsdon has been a Fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and was the first holder of the Chair in Space History of the National Air and Space Museum. He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and an Associate Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. In addition, he is North American editor for the journal Space Policy.

David H. Onkst is a Research Associate at the George Washington University Space Policy Institute and a member of the History Department at American University, both located in Washington, D.C. He has won numerous scholarly awards, including the 1998 Robert H. Goddard Historical Essay Award, a George Meany Memorial Archives Fellowship, and several teaching fellowships at American University. Onkst has written articles on subjects ranging from the possibility of life on Mars and Europa to a history of southern African-
American World War II veterans and their use of the G.I. Bill of Rights for such periodicals as Space Times and the Journal of Social History. He also served as a behind-the-scenes editor for Eye in the Sky: The Story of the CORONA Spy Satellites (Smithsonian Institution Press, 1998). Onkst is a specialist in U.S. social and cultural history since 1941.

Joseph N. Pelton is a professor of telecommunications at the University of Colorado at Boulder, having returned from the post of Vice President of Academic Programs and Dean of the International Space University (ISU). Prior to going to ISU, Dr. Pelton held a dual appointment as Director of the Interdisciplinary Telecommunications Program at the University of Colorado, as well as Director of the Center for Advanced Research in Telecommunications and Training. He has worked in a variety of positions at INTELSAT for the past two decades, and he has been involved with satellite applications since 1965, in positions with Rockwell International, NASA, Communications Satellite Corporation (COMSAT), and George Washington University. He also taught at American University in Washington, D.C. After receiving an undergraduate degree in physics, Dr. Pelton went on to receive a master’s degree from New York University and a Ph.D. from Georgetown University.

Ray A. Williamson is a Senior Research Scientist in the Space Policy Institute, focusing on the history, programs, and policy of Earth observations, space transportation, and space commercialization. He joined the Institute in 1995. Previously, he was a Senior Associate and Project Director in the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) of the U.S. Congress.

He joined OTA in 1979. While at OTA, Dr. Williamson was project director for more than a dozen reports on space policy, including: Russian Cooperation in Space (1995); Civilian Satellite Remote Sensing: A Strategic Approach (1994); Remotely Sensed Data: Technology, Management, and Markets (1994); Global Change Research and NASA’s Earth Observing System (1994); and The Future of Remote Sensing from Space: Civilian Satellite Systems and Applications (1993). Dr. Williamson has written extensively about the U.S. space program.

He holds a B.A. in physics from Johns Hopkins University and a Ph.D. in astronomy from the University of Maryland. He spent two years on the faculty of the University of Hawaii studying diffuse emission nebulae and ten years on the faculty of St. John’s College in Annapolis, Maryland. He is a member of the faculty of the International Space University and is a member of the editorial board for the journal Space Policy.

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