INTRODUCTION

The Human Research Program (HRP), which is within the NASA Exploration Systems Mission Directorate, is a directed and applied research program that addresses agency needs for human health and performance risk mitigation strategies in support of space exploration as described in the Vision for Space Exploration, the U.S. National Space Policy, and the NASA Strategic Plan.

These exploration undertakings include missions to the moon and Mars. Although all of them will involve some of the same human health and performance challenges, each mission also will include specific challenges that depend on the nature of the exact undertaking and the development schedule. Accordingly, HRP research and technology development are focused on the highest-priority risks to crew health and safety, with the goal of ensuring mission success and maintaining long-term crew health.

Three core documents describe the HRP. The first is the Program Requirements Document (PRD)4, which defines, documents, and allocates high-level requirements to different organizational arms of the program; these requirements include responsibility for specific human system risks listed in the PRD.

Previously, the Bioastronautics Roadmap5 documented the health and performance risks and areas of concerns of a wide cross-section of the professional space life sciences community, but it did not have the level of detail that is necessary to prioritize risks across physiological disciplines or to compare strategies for how to manage a given risk across mission operational architectures. The HRP 2009 PRD risk list thus identifies a narrowed and more operationally focused series of risks.

The second HRP document is the Integrated Research Plan6 (IRP), which describes what implementation activities are necessary to fill the knowledge and mitigation gaps that are associated with each risk that is listed in the PRD. It also details when those activities will be accomplished, where they will be accomplished (e.g., the International Space Station (ISS) or a ground analog), who will accomplish them (investigators within a specific project or organization within the HRP), and what is being produced (risk uncertainty reduction, candidate health or performance standard, countermeasure strategy, etc.). ...

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Human Health and Performance Risks of Space Exploration Missions
Evidence reviewed by the NASA Human Research Program

Edited by:
Jancy C. McPhee, Ph.D.,
Associate Program Scientist
John B. Charles, Ph.D.,
Program Scientist

National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
Houston, Texas 77058

CONTENTS
Introduction ................................................................................................................ iii
Behavioral Health and Performance
Chapter 1 Risk of Behavioral and Psychiatric Conditions .......................................................... 3
Chapter 2 Risk of Performance Errors Due to Poor Team Cohesion and Performance,
Inadequate Selection/Team Composition, Inadequate Training, and Poor
Psychosocial Adaptation ............................................................................................ 45
Chapter 3 Risk of Performance Errors Due to Sleep Loss, Circadian Desynchronization,
Fatigue, and Work Overload ...................................................................................... 85
Space Radiation
Chapter 4 Risk of Radiation Carcinogenesis .............................................................................. 119
Chapter 5 Risk of Acute Radiation Syndromes Due to Solar Particle Events ............................ 171
Chapter 6 Risk of Acute or Late Central Nervous System Effects from Radiation Exposure .... 191
Chapter 7 Risk of Degenerative Tissue or Other Health Effects from Radiation Exposure ....... 213
Exploration Medical Capabilities
Chapter 8 Risk of Inability to Adequately Treat an Ill or Injured Crew Member ....................... 239
Space Human Factors and Habitability
Chapter 9 Risk of Error Due to Inadequate Information ............................................................. 253
Chapter 10 Risk of Reduced Safety and Efficiency Due to Inadequately Designed Vehicle,
Environment, Tools, or Equipment ............................................................................ 267
Chapter 11 Risk of Error Due to Poor Task Design ...................................................................... 281
Chapter 12 Risk Factor of Inadequate Food System ..................................................................... 295
Chapter 13 Risk of Adverse Health Effects from Lunar Dust Exposure ...................................... 317
Exercise and Extravehicular Activity
Chapter 14 Risk of Compromised EVA Performance and Crew Health Due to
Inadequate EVA Suit Systems ................................................................................... 334
Chapter 15 Risk of Operational Impact of Prolonged Daily Required Exercise ........................... 359

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