Putting Down Roots in Earthquake Country
Your Handbook for the San Francisco Bay Region

Developed by:
    * American Red Cross, Bay Area Chapter
    * Association of Bay Area Governments
    * California Earthquake Authority
    * California Geological Survey
    * Earthquake Engineering Research Institute

    * Governor’s Office of Emergency Services
    * San Francisco Office of Emergency Services and Homeland Security
    * Southern California Earthquake Center
    * Structural Engineers Association of Northern California
    * University of California Berkeley
    * U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management Agency
    * U.S. Geological Survey

The Bay Area Is “Earthquake Country”

This handbook provides information about the threat posed by earthquakes in the San Francisco Bay region and explains how you can prepare for, survive, and recover from these inevitable events. If you live or work in the region, you need to know why you should be concerned with earthquakes, what you can expect during and after a quake, and what you need to do beforehand to be safe and reduce damage.

Since the Great earthquake of 1906, much has been learned about earthquake hazards and vulnerabilities in the Bay Area:

    * We know why earthquakes occur here—The Bay Area straddles the boundary where two of the Earth’s largest tectonic plates meet and slowly move past one another. When boundary faults break and the North American and Pacific Plates lurch past each other, quakes occur.

    * We know large and damaging earthquakes are certain to occur in the future—At least eight faults in the Bay Area are capable of producing earthquakes of magnitude 6.7 or larger. Such quakes can kill and injure many people and cause substantial damage to buildings, roads, bridges, and utilities.

    * We know how to reduce losses in future large earthquakes—Building codes have been improved, some older buildings strengthened, and bond measures approved to upgrade critical facilities. Some Bay Area residents have secured their homes to better withstand shaking, created emergency plans and disaster supply kits, and held home earthquake drills.

BUT we have not done enough to be prepared for the next large earthquake:

    * Fewer than 10% of households have disaster plans—If an earthquake occurred right now, where would you go to be safe? If you are at work and your children are at school when the earthquake occurs, how will you get back together?

    * Fewer than 10% of homeowners have taken steps to retrofit their homes—Is your home bolted to its foundation? If you live in an older building, has it been retrofitted? Is your water heater strapped? Could unsecured furniture or objects fall and cause injury or damage?

    * Fewer than 50% of households have disaster supply kits—You will likely be on your own in the hours and days following an earthquake. Are you prepared with water, food, first aid supplies, and medications?

Visit Putting Down Roots in Earthquake Country Website

U.S. Geological Survey
General Information Product 15
2005

Download Putting Down Roots in Earthquake Country, Handbook

PDF format, 5.8MB, 32 Pages.

Glossary

Aftershock. Earthquakes that follow the largest shock of an earthquake sequence. They are smaller than the “mainshock” and can occur over a period of weeks, months, or years. In general, the larger the mainshock, the larger and more numerous the aftershocks and the longer they will continue.

Creep. Slow, more or less continuous movement occurring on some faults. Creep does not cause shaking.

Earthquake. Ground shaking caused by a sudden movement on a fault or by volcanic disturbance.

Epicenter. The point on the Earth’s surface above the point at depth in the Earth’s crust where an earthquake begins.

Fault. A fracture or crack along which two blocks of rock slide past one another. This movement may occur rapidly, in the form of an earthquake, or slowly, in the form of creep.

Foreshock. An earthquake that precedes the largest quake (“mainshock”) of an earthquake sequence. Foreshocks may occur seconds to weeks before the mainshock.

Intensity. A measure of ground shaking describing the local severity of an earthquake in terms of its effects on the Earth’s surface and on humans and their structures. The Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) scale, which uses Roman numerals, is one way scientists measure intensity.

Landslide. A mass movement of soil, mud, and (or) rock down a slope.

Liquefaction. The process that occurs when an earthquake shakes wet sandy soil until it behaves like a liquid, allowing sand to “boil up” to the surface, buildings to sink, or sloping ground to move.

Magnitude (M). A number that represents the size of an earthquake source, as determined from seismographic observations. The original earthquake magnitude scale was the Richter or “local” scale (ML), defined by Charles Richter in 1935, but it has limited range and applicability. Modern magnitude scales are based on the area of fault rupture times the amount of slip (seismic moment).The moment magnitude (MW) is the preferred magnitude scale, as it provides the most reliable estimate of the size of the largest quakes. For smaller quakes, ML and MW values are nearly the same. An increase of one unit of moment magnitude (for example, from 4.6 to 5.6) corresponds approximately to a 31.6-fold increase in energy released [by definition, a two-unit increase in magnitude —for example, from 4.7 to 6.7—represents an increase in energy released of 1,000 times (31.6_31.6)]. Quakes below magnitude 2.5 are not generally felt by humans.

Plate tectonics. The scientific theory that the Earth’s outer shell is composed of several large, thin, relatively strong “plates” that move relative to one another. Movements on the faults that define plate boundaries produce most earthquakes.

Retrofit. Strengthening an existing structure to improve its resistance to the effects of earthquakes.

Rupture zone. The area of the Earth through which fault movement occurred during an earthquake. For large quakes, the section of the fault that ruptured may be several hundred miles in length. Ruptures may or may not extend to the ground surface.

Seismic hazard. The potential for damaging effects caused by earthquakes. The level of hazard depends on the magnitude of likely quakes, the distance from the fault that could cause quakes, and the type of ground materials at a site.

Seismic risk. The chance of injury, damage, or loss resulting from seismic hazards. There is no risk, even in a region of high seismic hazard, if there are no people or property that could be injured or damaged by a quake.

Soft story. A building story that has significantly less stiffness than the story above. Some buildings with parking at ground level (and thus fewer walls or columns) or an otherwise open ground story have this condition. The term is sometimes also applied to a story that has less strength than the one above, a condition that is more precisely termed a “weak story.”

Strike-slip fault. A generally vertical fault along which the two sides move horizontally past each other. The most famous example is California’s San Andreas Fault.

Subduction zone. A boundary along which one plate of the Earth’s outer shell descends (subducts) at an angle beneath another. A subduction zone is usually marked by a deep trench on the sea floor. An example is the Cascadia Subduction Zone offshore of Washington, Oregon, and northern California. Most tsunamis are generated by subduction-zone earthquakes.

Tsunami. A sea wave of local or distant origin that results from large sea-floor displacements associated with powerful earthquakes, major submarine landslides, or exploding volcanic islands.

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