The Condition of Education 2008 summarizes important developments and trends in education using the latest available data. The report presents 43 indicators on the status and condition of education.

The indicators represent a consensus of professional judgment on the most significant national measures of the condition and progress of education for which accurate data are available.

The 2008 print edition includes 43 indicators in five main areas: (1) participation in education; (2) learner outcomes; (3) student effort and educational progress; (4) the contexts of elementary and secondary education; and (5) the contexts of postsecondary education.

INTRODUCTION
To ensure reliable, accurate, and timely data, which are necessary to monitor the progress of U.S. education, Congress has mandated that the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) produce an annual report, The Condition of Education.

This year’s report presents indicators of important developments and trends in U.S. education. These indicators focus on participation and persistence in education, student performance and other measures of achievement, the environment for learning, and resources for education.

This statement summarizes the main findings of the 43 indicators that appear in the five following sections. Each indicator discussed is referenced by its number (e.g., indicator 1) in the volume. ...

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Michael Planty, William Hussar, Thomas Snyder, Stephen Provasnik
National Center for Education Statistics

Grace Kena, Rachel Dinkes, Angelina KewalRamani, Jana Kemp—Child Trends
Education Statistics Services Institute– American Institutes for Research

Production: Barbara Kridl
Managing Editor: Andrea Livingston
Senior Editor: MPR Associates, Inc.

June 2008, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

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Contents
Commissioner’s Statement ........ iii
Reader’s Guide ...............................xiii
Acknowledgments .......................xviii
List of Indicators on The Condition of Education Website (2000–2008) ...... xxiv
Section 1—Participation in Education .......................... 2
Introduction: Participation in Education ............. 5
All Ages
1 Enrollment Trends by Age .................................................. 6
Preprimary Education
2 Early Education and Child Care Arrangements of Young Children .................. 7
Elementary/Secondary Education
3 Past and Projected Public School Enrollments .............................. 8
4 Trends in Private School Enrollments ............................ 9
5 Racial/Ethnic Distribution of Public School Students ......................... 10
6 Family Characteristics of 5- to 17-Year-Olds ............................ 11
7 Language Minority School-Age Children ...................... 12
8 Children and Youth With Disabilities in Public Schools .............. 13
Undergraduate Education
9 Past and Projected Undergraduate Enrollments ....................................... 14
10 Mobility of College Students .......................................... 15
Graduate and Professional Education
11 Trends in Graduate and First-Professional Enrollments ..................... 16
Section 2—Learner Outcomes ....... 18
Introduction: Learner Outcomes............ 21
Academic Outcomes
12 Reading Performance of Students in Grades 4, 8, and 12 ........... 22
13 Mathematics Performance of Students in Grades 4 and 8 ............ 23
14 Writing Performance of Students in Grades 8 and 12 .... 24
15 Economics Performance of Students in Grade 12 ......... 25
16 Trends in the Achievement Gaps in Reading and Mathematics ........ 26
17 Reading and Mathematics Score Trends by Age ........... 27
18 International Comparisons of Reading Literacy in Grade 4......... 28
19 International Comparisons of Science Literacy ...... 29
Economic Outcomes
20 Annual Earnings of Young Adults ........... 30
Section 3—Student Effort and Educational Progress . 32
Introduction: Student Effort and Educational Progress .......... 35
Elementary/Secondary Persistence and Progress
21 Public High School Graduation Rates by State ............ 36
22 Students With Disabilities Exiting School With a Regular High School Diploma ....... 37
23 Status Dropout Rates by Race/Ethnicity ........ 38
Transition to College
24 Immediate Transition to College .............. 39
Completions
25 Educational Attainment ........ 40
26 Degrees Earned ........ 42
27 Degrees Earned by Women................... 43
Section 4—Contexts of Elementary and Secondary Education ..... 44
Introduction: Contexts of Elementary and Secondary Education ........... 47
School Characteristics and Climate
28 School Violence and Safety ............. 48
29 Poverty Concentration in Public Schools by Locale and Race/Ethnicity ...... 49
30 Concentration of Public School Enrollment by Locale and Race/Ethnicity ....... 50
Teachers and Staff
31 Teacher Turnover ........... 51
32 Public School Staff ............... 52
Learning Opportunities
33 Student/Teacher Ratios in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools ..... 53
Finance
34 Changes in Sources of Public School Revenue ...... 54
35 Public Elementary and Secondary Expenditures by Type and Function ... 55
36 Variations in Instruction Expenditures per Student ............ 56
37 Public Elementary and Secondary Expenditures by District Poverty ....... 57
38 International Comparisons of Expenditures for Education .............. 58
Section 5—Contexts of Postsecondary Education ................ 60
Introduction: Contexts of Postsecondary Education ............ 63
Programs and Courses
39 Undergraduate Fields of Study ................. 64
40 Graduate Fields of Study ..................... 65
41 Degrees Conferred by Public and Private Institutions .................... 66
Faculty and Staff
42 Faculty Salary, Benefi ts, and Total Compensation ................ 67
Finance
43 Employment of College Students ......................... 68

Appendix 1—Supplemental Tables ................. 70
For a complete list of supplemental tables, see appendix 1.
Appendix 2—Supplemental Notes ..................184
Note 1: Commonly Used Variables ............... 186
Note 2: The Current Population Survey (CPS) ............ 196
Note 3: Other Surveys .................... 203
Note 4: National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) ...... 207
Note 5: International Assessments .......... 210
Note 6: International Standard Classifi cation of Education ........ 212
Note 7: Measures of Student Persistence and Progess ............ 214
Note 8: Student Disabilities ........ 216
Note 9: Classifi cation of Postsecondary Education Institutions ........... 219
Note 10: Fields of Study for Postsecondary Degrees ................. 221
Note 11: Finance ............. 222
Glossary .........228
Bibliography ................240
NCES Publications (Complete citation) ............ 242
NCES Publications (Chronologically, by NCES number) ........... 245
Other Publications ........... 247
NCES Surveys ............................... 248
Surveys From Other Agencies ...................... 249
Index .................................................250

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